The most persistent opposition claim against data centers is that they raise electricity bills for residents. In December 2025, Amazon commissioned Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. (E3) — an independent economic consulting firm with no stake in the outcome — to answer this question with data rather than assertion. The result was the first comprehensive, multi-jurisdiction economic study ever conducted on how data center electricity costs interact with ratepayer bills. The findings directly contradict the opposition narrative, and because E3 is a recognized independent research firm, the results carry evidentiary weight in regulatory proceedings and public hearings.